The Libyan Journal of Science

تقنيات معالجة المياه المصاحبة لانتاج النفط (دراسة حالة -حقل النافورة النفطي)

منال سالم علي أبومداس الفيتوري — 2024-04-17

Water treatment technologies associated with oil production are crucial in the oil and gas industry, as they require the removal of various contaminants and impurities before they can be safely disposed of or reused. Technologies used in treating associated water include processes such as oil and grease removal, removal of solid impurities and suspended sediments, and chemical separation to remove organic and mineral contaminants. Biodisinfection techniques can also be used to eliminate organic plankton and biological contaminants. Using these techniques, oil-based water can be effectively purified and reused or disposed of in environmentally friendly ways. This paper aimed to study the current situation in the Nafoora oil field of the Arabian Gulf Oil Company, where the produced quantities of associated water and methods of dealing with it were monitored, and some physical and chemical properties of this water were studied, where some parameters were measured, which included measuring salinity TDS and temperature, acidity pH, electrical conductivity Ec., Calcium Ca+2 and Magnesium Mg+2, Sodium Na+, Sodium Adsorption Ratio -SAR, Nitrate NO3- and Sulfate. The results of the study showed that the pH value of the associated water ranged between 4.2 and 7.6, while the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged between 53965 mg/l and 98634 mg/l, while Nitrate concentrations ranged from 243 mg/l to 642 mg/l. The paper also reviewed some treatment methods for produced associated water, which can be applied locally and ways to benefit from them, which include chemical treatment, filtration and phase separation.

الأمن المائي في ليبيا وسُبل تحقيقه

سليمان صالح سليمان الباروني — 2024-04-17

The general understanding of the water sustainability is to ensure reliable sources of water suitable for human consumption and to fulfill the various water needs qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Consequently, it should be taken into an account the water rights and the principle of equal opportunity for the different sectors of the society without jeopardizing this precious source of life for the future generations. Water interruption as well as shortages may lead to serious risks that may negatively impact the population livelihood and lead to breaches of national security. Moreover, such risks may lead to the spread of diseases, pandemic, famine, and the disruption of the peace and the tranquility of the society. Water is regarded as one of the most important factors for the social and economic development and stability for any given society and hence water is viewed as a priority and a strategic goal. The availability of potable clean water will remain as a problematic obstacle for the development plans for many nations, in particular in arid and semi-arid parts of the planet such as in Libya. Some studies revealed that problem of water scarcity and shortage in Libya will head to the worse which will make the water situation more convoluted. Therefore, joint efforts and actions must be taken to face and sooth these challenges and find the long-term solutions to curb the problem through proper water management systems. Such solutions should include public awareness programs through the local media. These programs should include water saving tips and taking all the measures to protect the aquifer from all types of pollutants and excessive pumping.

الأمن المائي ودور مراقبة الأحواض الجوفية لضمان استدامة مصادر المياه

حسين التلوع — 2024-04-17

Groundwater makes up about 98% of the whole bulk of the water resources available in the State of Libya. The average annual precipitation in this arid and semi-arid region is about 100 mm. Therefore, it is essential to establish a network of monitor wells to track the regional water level fluctuations on a large and extensive scale. Data collected from the network are employed in assessing, enhancing and administering the water resources in a fashion that will secure water sustainability for the future generations. These goals can be achieved through proper planning and management programs for the production wells and protecting the aquifer from pollutants and over pumping which may negatively impact the water qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, international indicators are significantly utilized to achieve “the sustainable development goals” (SDG6) to monitor water level and quality in the aquifer. Thus, the data and the subsequent results from the monitor well network are analyzed and combined to prepare comprehensive reports that will determine and shape the water policies for the various sectors as of the calendar year 2017, the monitor well network was comprised of 415 wells scattered on a wide geographic range In Libya. Water level measurements are take regularly on quarterly basis. The collected data are combined and analyzed to prepare detailed and professional. Reports which in turn will be submitted to the proper authorities.

تقييم جودة مياه الينابيع المائية في بلدية جادو، جبل نفوسة (ليبيا)

زكريا محمد أبومنجي — 2024-04-17

This study evaluated the drinking water quality of spring water in the Jadu municipality, which is located within the cities located on the Nafusa Mountain and is about 190 km south of Tripoli. The study included 3 water springs: Ain Hamed, Ain Timoqat, and Ain Zarqa. 13 chemical elements were measured for the spring water samples and the spring water samples were evaluated in two ways: first, by comparing the chemical elements to the Libyan drinking water standard specifications No. 82 of 2013. The results showed that the water of Ain Hamed and Ain Timoqat springs exceeded the permissible limits, except for the water of Ain Zarqa, which was within the permissible limits of the specifications. A comparison of the results of the chemical analyzes of the targeted spring water for the years 1992 and 2023 was also conducted and showed that the current water quality is deteriorating compared to the past. The second method of evaluation was using the Water Quality Index (WQI) by adopting the weighted arithmetic index method, where this method depended on 11 chemical elements and classified the water quality according to this method that the water of Ain Hamed spring is of poor quality, while the water quality of Ain Timoqat and Ain Zarqa springs is good.

تأثير إدارة الطلب للمياه على التنمية الزراعية في ليبيا

حمد علي مسعود موسى — 2024-04-17

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in Libya, as it consumes about 85% of the total water consumption. Despite the limited water resources in Libya, It is noted that the contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP on average did not exceed 8% during the period 2016-2019. Over the past years, the Libyan state has paid significant attention to water resources, as it focused on managing the supply of water resources through digging wells, constructing dams for rainwater and the Manmade River project. On the other hand, no focus was placed on managing the demand for water resources. Rational consumption of this limited resource, as there is a great waste of water, and this of course affects agricultural development. Therefore, attention must be paid to the agricultural sector by paying attention to all aspects related to this sector, especially the management of demand for water resources, which is a vital option and complementary to the management of supply of water resources. Through good management of water resources, we achieve balanced spatial agricultural development, Reducing waste and extravagance in water use for various purposes, by applying water demand management mechanisms, which are divided into economic mechanisms, including water pricing, and non-economic mechanisms, including priority in allocating to crops that are less water-hungry and that are consistent with the capabilities and climatic conditions prevailing in the country, and uses of irrigation techniques.

The Influence of Edge Fresh Water on the Giant Zelten Oil Filed, Central Sirt Basin, Libya

Osama Hlal — 2024-04-17

The Zelten oil field in the Sirt Basin, central Libya, primarily consists of Upper Landenian age fossiliferous limestone, introduced by Barr and Weegar in 1972. It occasionally contains anhydrite dolomite and shale. It's bounded by the Khalifa or Gir Formation below and the thinner Harash Formation above. Zelten Formation's depositional cycle is similar to Harash Formation but relatively thinner in thickness. The Zelten oil field, part of the Zelten platform, is a giant field in Concession 6, about 180 km south of the Mediterranean coast. It comprises three main oil pools, discovered in 1959 by Esso oil company. The north pool's discovery well, C1-6, reached peak production of 1/2 Million BOPD. Cumulative production by June 1997 includes 2.254 BBls oil, 2.945 BBls water, and 1.497 TCF of gas, with a recovery rate of 47.1% of the original oil in-place. Zelten Formation's porosity is influenced by sea level fluctuations and carbonate build-up facies, reaching 40% around the crest area of the three structures. Hydrocarbons are sourced from Cretaceous shales in the Hagfa Troughs. The Zelten Formation reservoir age is Paleocene limestone, with average net reservoir thickness of 325ft, 22% porosity, and permeability up to 1500 md. Reservoir pressure remained stable at around 2,250 psi for over 60 years, thanks to the bottom-edge fresh water from the Domran Formation, faulted down adjacent to the Zelten Formation reservoir, providing a strong edge water drive. This drive maintains pressure and can be used for enhanced oil recovery. Over 13 wells in the Zelten field, including horizontal wells, have contributed to hydrocarbon production.

Sources and Uses of Water in the Oil Industry - Deep Groundwater Aquifers (Achebyat and Hasawnah), SW Murzuq Basin, Libya

Sadeg M Ghnia — 2024-04-17

Deep water sources are important in providing the amount of water required to be injected into the oil reservoirs to maintain reservoir pressures and to avoid a decrease in pressure below bubble point, which directly affect oil production and reserves. This objective of this study was to identify the deep aquifers water sources potential and quality of the Achebyat and Hasawnah formations within NC200 block, to be injected into the Erawin field Mamuniyat reservoir. The study provides a geological description of Achebyat and the Hasawnah formations, estimate the water volume, investigate the water productivity, determine water salinity, and propose optimum water source wells location. Seismic data, core and wireline logs information including image logs, well test results and outcrop information were used for this study. The Achebyat aquifer has a mean porosity of 12.4%, while Hasawnah has lower porosity than Achebyat with a mean value of 8.8%. The bulk rock volume is about 13.9 trillion cubic-feet, and the estimated water volume is 992 billion barrels. The required makeup water for water injection would be 16,5000 bbl/d, around 6 million barrels per year. E6-NC200 Achebyat-Hasawnah production test rate was 1,360 bbl/d. In this test, the determined PI was 2.0 bbl/d/psi. Water salinity was estimated during the well E6-NC200 production test to be 2000 ppm. The Achebyat and Hasawnah deep groundwater aquifers in the study area can be used, in addition to the oil industry, as a source for drinking and agricultural water after simple treatment.