The course explains the concept of forest and forestry, types of woody plants and classification of trees.Concepts of Ecology “Ecosystem - Forest Ecosystem – Succession”, Types of forests and its classification, Forests in Libya, factors that affecting and limiting the importance of woody trees and influencing their distribution. The ecological, economic and social importance of forests. International forestry “degradation and deforestation and its impacts. Plantation forest. Windbreaks and shelterbelts. Forest nursery technology. Seed technology. Silvicultures. Tree growth. General, apparent and physical characteristics of wood. Utilization of woods and its production. Principles of forest mensuration. Determination of the economic value of trees. Principles of forest dendrology andIdentifying the most important trees in the local environment.

This course explains: · Concepts and terminology of Rangelands and its plants, according to the Libyan experts. · Composition and distribution of rangeland vegetation, and its divisions in Libya. · The main features of the climate and plants on Libyan Rangeland. · Plant species in the Libyan environment, their pastoral and fodder value, and its palatability. · Carrying capacity and plant palatability, by different kinds of animals. · Naming of plant communities and follower plants, examples of plant succession in the Libyan environments. · Rangeland evaluation, importance of fodder trees and shrubs. · Restoration techniques of rangeland. · General discussion and selected topics.

The course covers many topics, including those related to the study of basic and specialized ecological concepts and terminology, the relationship between plant ecology and other sciences, in addition to the components of the environment and its influencing factors - the concept of the limiting factor - the ecological range of tolerance of living organisms. The course focuses on the effects of environmental variability (in time and space) on plant establishment and growth. The course also deals in detail with the environmental factors (climatic and topographic) affecting the growth, distribution and abundance of plant species, as well as the study of the biological interactions between plants and the other components of the environment.

Rangeland and forest ecology course deals with the ecological factors affecting the rangelands and describes rangeland ecosystem and its components, characteristics and (structure and function). The course covers the pathways of energy flow in the rangelands, food chains and, as well as the stages, characteristics and types of ecological succession. During this course, the student also studies the effects of environmental factors on forest distribution and the relationship of forest trees with biotic factors, in addition to studying forest tree stands, their ecology: how they are distributed, and the causes for their variation.

Forest Managementthis course introduces students to the principles and practices of sustainable forest management. The course covers a range of topics, including forest inventory, forest economics, and forest policy.The course starts by introducing students to the basic principles of forest ecology, including the interactions between trees, soil, water, and wildlife. Students learn how to identify different tree species and understand their ecological and economic value.The course then moves on to cover silviculture, which is the practice of managing forests for timber production. Students learn about the different techniques used to plant, grow, and harvest trees sustainably, such as clearcutting, andselective harvesting.Forest inventory is another important aspect of forest management, and the course covers various methods used to measure and monitor forest resources. These include remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery, and ground-based methods, such as plot sampling.The course also covers forest economics, including the economic value of forest products and the costs and benefits of different forest management strategies. Students learn how to calculate the net present value of a forest stand and how to develop a forest management plan that balances economic and ecological objectives.Finally, the course covers forest policy and governance, including the role of government agencies and non-governmental organizations in managing forest resources. Students learn about the different laws and regulations that govern forest management and the challenges associated with balancing competing interests and values.Overall, Forest Management is a comprehensive course that provides students with the knowledge and skills needed to manage forests sustainably and responsibly.

The concept and importance of forest measurement, units used in measurements, measuring diameters, tools used to measure diameters, measuring tree heights, height measuring tools, estimating stemvolume for standing and felled trees, the importance and methods for measuring form factor, local and standard volume tables, studying the growth, yield and biomass, determination of site index and site class or quality, use of geographic information systems and remote sensing in forest inventory and survey.

This course explains: · The importance of (Range Survey) and the most important definitions, concepts and terminology related to this field. · The quantitative measurement of species including: (density - cover - frequency - importance value). · Vegetation survey methods such-as (Quadrat method - Point qaudrat - Line intercept - Nearest neighbor - Densiometer - Multistage sample). · Methods for estimating forage productivity and evaluating the condition and direction of Range. · Method for estimating the carrying capacity, and herd composition depending on plant composition. · The importance of the correct carrying capacity and its economic and environmental effects. · Theories on succession (Grazing and succession, fire and plant succession, climate and plant succession). · General discussion and selected topics.

§ concepts and terminology related to the classification of forest trees.§ Succession and evolution and geographical distribution of trees.§ Woody plants in systematic.§ Binomial system of plants.§ Phenotypical characteristics of woody plants.§ Collection, drying and preservation of botanical specimens.§ Botanical description of local tree specimens and some trees of arid and semiarid regions:Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Taxodaceae, Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Salicaceae, Juglandaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Bignoniaceae, Rosaceae, Araucariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Casuarinaceae, Oleaceae , Tamaricaceae , Rhamnaceae. § Collection, drying and preservation of plant samples.

This course explains: § The concept and characteristics of drylands (climate - soil - vegetation), classification of drylands, global distribution of drylands, the climate and soil of Libyan. § Tree nursery techniques: the choice of nursery site, types of nurseries, layout and size of the nursery, shading and protection, watering requirements. Collection, storage, testing and pretreatment of seeds. Types of seedlings and containers, physical and chemical properties of growing media, seed beds, seed sowing, transplanting of seedlings. Damping off. Hardening. The concept and determination of seedling quality. § Establishment and management of forest plantation: the objectives of afforestation, site and species selection, preparation of planting site, timing of planting, planting of containerized seedlings, spacing and arrangement of planting, protection of plantation forest, maintenance of a forest plantation, agricultural and harvesting operations, the most important trees and shrubs suitable for afforestation to the local environment "Libya". § Windbreaks: concept, types and benefits of windbreaks, the competition between windbreaks and agricultural crops, Basic design criteria of windbreaks, selection of species, planting and management of windbreaks, identifying and describing of some tree and shrubs suitable for plantation as a windbreaks and sand dune stabilization in Libya.

· Forest Products this course provides students with an understanding of the various wood-based products and non-timber forest products that are produced from forest resources. The course covers topics such as wood properties, wood processing, wood chemistry, wood anatomy, and wood utilization.The course starts by introducing students to the basic properties of wood, such as density, moisture content, and strength. Students learn how wood properties are affected by factors such as tree species, growth conditions, and wood processing methods. The course then moves on to cover wood processing, including the various techniques used to convert trees into products such assawn timber, lumber, lumber, plywood, and paper. Students learn about some of different equipment and machinery used in wood processing, as well as the environmental impacts associated with wood processing. The course also covers wood chemistry, including the composition of wood and the chemical reactions that occur during wood processing. Wood anatomy is another important topic covered in the course, including the cellular structure of wood and how it affects wood properties and processing. Students learn about the different wood defects that can affect wood quality and how to identify them. Finally, the course covers non-timber forest products, such as medicinal plants, and their economic and ecological value. Students learn about the different techniques used to harvest and process non-timber forest products sustainably and the challenges associated with their management. Overall, Forest Products is a comprehensive course that provides students with an understanding of the various wood-based products and non-timber forest products that are produced from forest resources. The course provides students with the knowledge and skills needed to develop sustainable and value-added forest products.

Silviculture is a course that provides students with an in-depth understanding of the principles and practices of managing forest ecosystems to meet a variety of goals, including timber production, wildlife habitat, and ecosystem services. The course covers topics such as forest ecology, forest regeneration, forest health, and stand management.The course starts by introducing students to the basic principles of forest ecology, including the interactions between trees, soil, water, and wildlife. Students learn how to identify different tree species and understand their ecological and economic value.The course then moves on to cover forest regeneration, including the different methods used to establish and regenerate forest stands. Students learn about the different silvicultural systems, such as clearcutting, and selection, and how they are used to achieve different goals.Forest health is another important topic covered in the course, including the different factors that can affect the health and productivity of forest ecosystems, such as pests, diseases, and climate change. Students learn about the different strategies used to monitor and manage forest health, including integrated pest management and forest restoration.Finally, the course covers stand management, including the different techniques used to manipulate forest stands to achieve specific goals, such as improving timber quality or promoting wildlife habitat. Students learn about the different methods used to measure and monitor forest resources, such as inventory techniques and growth modeling, and how this information can be used to develop management plans.Overall, Silviculture is a comprehensive course that provides students with the knowledge and skills needed to manage forest ecosystems sustainably and responsibly. The course emphasizes the importance of understanding the complex interrelationships between forest ecology, silviculture, and forest health, and provides students with the tools to develop integrated management strategies that balance ecological, economic, and social objectives.