Abstract
1 Libyan J Med Res. 2025:19-2. 349-356349Ben Saleh,F.HInfantile urinary tract infection, presentations and outcomes in General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya: A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional studyFathia Hameda Ben Saleh,Zinab Ashour Saad, Aisha A. Sehari GammodiConsultant pediatrician, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.Corresponding Author: Fathia Hameda Ben Saleh, Email ,[email protected]:30/09/2025 Accepted:30/10/2025Published:05/11/2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54361/LJMR.19.2.42ABSTRACT:Background:Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of fever and hospitalization in infants. Early diagnosis and management are vital to prevent short and long-term complications. We aimed to describe clinical features,laboratory and imaging findings, risk factors,and short-term outcomes among infants <1 year hospitalized with UTI.Materialsand Methods:A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pediatric Department of Al-Hadaba Al-Khadra General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Data including fifty (50) infants hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of UTI between January and October 2024. Data were extracted from medical records, includingdemographics, presentation, laboratory results, imaging, risk factors, and outcomes. All infants received broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics adjusted according to culture sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics areused to summarize infants'characteristics. Associations were tested using Fisher’s exact/Chi-square,and logistic regression was planned for independent predictors. P < 0.05 was significant.Results:Fifty infants were included. Fever (96%) and vomiting (68%), were the most frequent symptoms. Abnormal renal ultrasound was detected in (44%),and positive urine culture in (14%). Eight infants (16%) had identifiable risk factors: Spina bifida (2), antenatal hydronephrosis (1), renal hypoplasia (1), maternal antenatal UTI (2), prolonged rupture of membranes (2), and uncircumcised males (4). Prolonged stay occurred in (22%), recurrence in (24%),and sepsis in (8%). Abnormal ultrasound and positive culture were independent predictors of prolonged stay, while risk factors and abnormal imaging predicted recurrence.Conclusion:UTI in infants commonly presents with systemic symptoms and significant imaging abnormalities. Abnormal renal ultrasound is a key predictor of prolonged stay, recurrence, and complications, highlighting the need for early imaging and structured follow-up of high-risk infants to prevent renal damage.Keywords:Urinary tract infection,presentations and outcomes, hospitalization,Tripoli, LibyaHow to cite this article:Ben Saleh,F.H , Saad, Z.A , Gammodi, A.A .Infantile urinary tract infection, presentations and outcomes in General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya: A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional studyLibyan 19-2!!!!Nauman Ismat Butt1,Barak Waris1,Muhammad SohailGhoauri2,Muhammad Faiq3!1.Department of Medicine & Allied, Azra Naheed Medial College, Superior University Lahore Pakistan2.Department of Neurology, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Pakistan,3.Department of Rheumatology, Services Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore Pakistan!Corresponding!Author:[email protected]!https://orcid.org/0000>0003>1022>0157!!!!Received: 03/12/2024 | Accepted: 16/01/2025| Published: 23/01/25| DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/ .19.1.3!ABSTRACT!Objective:To determine awarenessabout osteoporosis in female universitystudents inLahore Pakistan using Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT)and to compare osteoporosis awareness among medical (MBBS) and non-medical students.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Superior University Lahorefrom February to April 2024. OKAT is a validated tool to assess osteoporosis awareness and was employed in this study. Using non-probability consecutive sampling technique, 110 medical (MBBS) female students and 110 non-medical female students aged 18 years and older who gave informed consent were enrolled. Students with present or past history of osteoporosis were excluded. Demographic information including age, discipline of study and family history of osteoporosis was noted. The OKAT questionnaire was distributed among the students in the form of an online Google form. All the data was recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 23.Results:Mean age of the participants was 21.5±4.0 years and 65 (29.5%) reported positive family history of osteoporosis. The mean OKAT score was 10.5±3.9 with 95 (43.2%) and 78 (35.5%) participants having average and acceptable knowledge about osteoporosis. Stratification of data revealed significant statistical association of Osteoporosis knowledge with age (p-value0.015) and discipline of study (p-value<0.001) but not with family history of osteoporosis (p-value0.229)Conclusion:Age and discipline of study significantly influenced osteoporosis knowledge, while family history had no correlation. Despite an average OKAT score of 10.5, there is considerable potential for improving overall osteoporosis awareness.Keywords:Osteoporosis, Fractures,Bone Density, Calcium, Vitamin D, Prevention and ControlHow to cite this article:ButtN I,WarisB,GhoauriM S,FaiqM.Osteoporosis Awareness among Female University Students in Lahore Pakistan using Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT)Libya: 2025:19.1-4!7!!12$2025.19.1.7Libyan!J!Med!Res.!!Assessing the impact of long-term omeprazole therapy: Across-sectional analysis of adverse effects",2lalaAbudSalemnanAm,1.Taher AliHajer,1Abdulhakim Naffati, ¹Nasrien Elfarrah³Asmaa Absheenah,2Hanan Alhadi ThwerElfarrah.N,Naffati. Ab,Ali.HT,Abudalal.AS,Thwer.HA,Absheenah.A1 .Libyanmedical research center,2.Faculty of Medical Technology, Universityof zawia3. department of histology facultyof medicine, University of zawia!Corresponding!Author:!Nasrien!Elfarrah:email:[email protected] Received: 03/12/2024 | Accepted: 11/01/2025| Published: 22/01/25| DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/ .19.1.02"ABSTRACTPurpose:Omeprazole isone of the most commonly prescribedof protein pump inhibitors (PPIs)drugs which used widely to manage many gastric acid-related conditions such as gastro esophagealdisease, gastritis, esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus,Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated ulcers, and Helicobacter pylori eradication, globally .Aim of study: to evaluate the adverse effects associated with the long-term use of proton pump inhibitorsdrug( omeprazole).Methodology: adescriptive study for 304 participants were conducted to fill a questionnaire to evaluate the adverse effect of long term use of omeprazole, data were analyzed statisticallyby SPSSV21.Results: positive correlation between UTI infection and long term use of omeprazole.66%of people who used omeprazolehave deficiency in vitamin D, other side effects are showed in long term use of omeprazole as gastritis , confusion,.Conclusion:because the improper use of omeprazole as a save drug more studies need to evaluate the riskof long term use of omeprazole.Key words: omeprazole, long term use, adverse effect. How to cite this article: Elfarrah .N, Naffati. Ab, Ali .HT, Abudalal.AS, Thwer.HA, Absheenah.A Assessing the impact of long-term omeprazole therapy: Across-sectional analysis of adverse effects"Libya: 2025:19.1-2wwwOMPUO\H,661 ABSTRACT&Purpose: This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses used by women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria.0eWKoGs:A total of 50 used soft cosmetic contact lenses and 5 new (unused) lenses were collected in April 2023. The lenses were swabbed, and samples were incubated in nutrient broth for bacterial isolation, followed by streaking on different agar plates (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with various antibiotics.5esuOWs:The results showed that all 5 unused lenses were free from contamination, while 43 out of 50 used lenses (86%) exhibited microbial contamination. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15%), along with other species (11%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Imipenem had the highest antibacterial effectiveness, with inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm to 30 mm. Gentamycin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin showed moderate effectiveness, while Cefuroxime and Augmentin had lower effectiveness. Cloxacillin showed no antibacterial activity.&oQFOusLoQs:The findings emphasize the high risk of bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses, stressing the importance of maintaining strict hygiene practices to prevent eye infections. Proper disinfection and storage in sterile solutions are crucial for ensuring lens safety and longevity, while effective antibiotic treatments are necessary to control bacterial contamination..e\ZorGs:Bacterial Contamination, Cosmetic Contact Lenses, Antibiotic Resistance, Beauty Salons, Lens Safety.Libyan Journal of Medical Research1Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Articles published in /LE\DQ-0HG5HVare licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/How to cite this article:Ali SA, AmerI2. Assessment of bacterial contamination in used cosmetic contact lenses among women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city. Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Original Article $ssessPenW of %acWerial &onWaPinaWion in 8sed &osPeWic &onWacW Lenses $PonJ :oPen 9isiWinJ %eauWy 6alons in 6abraWha &iWySihamAAliIbtesam O Amer1.Department of Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology Surman, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya. 2..Department of Biotechnology& Genetic Engineering,Facultyof Medical TechnologySurman,UniversityofSabratha,Sabratha,Libya.Received: 01/09/2024 _ Accepted: 14/0 /2024 _ 3ublished: 16/0 /24 _ '2I: https://doi.org/10.271 /LJMR.18.2.01Corresponding Author: Dr. Siham Ali, email: [email protected]OMPUO\H,661 ABSTRACT&Purpose: This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses used by women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria.0eWKoGs:A total of 50 used soft cosmetic contact lenses and 5 new (unused) lenses were collected in April 2023. The lenses were swabbed, and samples were incubated in nutrient broth for bacterial isolation, followed by streaking on different agar plates (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with various antibiotics.5esuOWs:The results showed that all 5 unused lenses were free from contamination, while 43 out of 50 used lenses (86%) exhibited microbial contamination. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15%), along with other species (11%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Imipenem had the highest antibacterial effectiveness, with inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm to 30 mm. Gentamycin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin showed moderate effectiveness, while Cefuroxime and Augmentin had lower effectiveness. Cloxacillin showed no antibacterial activity.&oQFOusLoQs:The findings emphasize the high risk of bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses, stressing the importance of maintaining strict hygiene practices to prevent eye infections. Proper disinfection and storage in sterile solutions are crucial for ensuring lens safety and longevity, while effective antibiotic treatments are necessary to control bacterial contamination..e\ZorGs:Bacterial Contamination, Cosmetic Contact Lenses, Antibiotic Resistance, Beauty Salons, Lens Safety.Libyan Journal of Medical Research1Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Articles published in /LE\DQ-0HG5HVare licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/How to cite this article:Ali SA, AmerI2. Assessment of bacterial contamination in used cosmetic contact lenses among women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city. Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Original Article $ssessPenW of %acWerial &onWaPinaWion in 8sed &osPeWic &onWacW Lenses $PonJ :oPen 9isiWinJ %eauWy 6alons in 6abraWha &iWySihamAAliIbtesam O Amer1.Department of Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology Surman, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya. 2..Department of Biotechnology& Genetic Engineering,Facultyof Medical TechnologySurman,UniversityofSabratha,Sabratha,Libya.Received: 01/09/2024 _ Accepted: 14/0 /2024 _ 3ublished: 16/0 /24 _ '2I: https://doi.org/10.271 /LJMR.18.2.01Corresponding Author: Dr. Siham Ali, email: [email protected] J Med Res. 2025:19-1-2. 7 : 4/ .4 04 4."- 0-:4/ 0 0:- :- 4! :4. 4 :/4- :- 4- 4/ /:- 4!/ :4/ ."/ - !7!!12$2025.19.1.7Libyan!J!Med!Res.!!Assessing the impact of long-term omeprazole therapy: Across-sectional analysis of adverse effects",2lalaAbudSalemnanAm,1.Taher AliHajer,1Abdulhakim Naffati, ¹Nasrien Elfarrah³Asmaa Absheenah,2Hanan Alhadi ThwerElfarrah.N,Naffati. Ab,Ali.HT,Abudalal.AS,Thwer.HA,Absheenah.A1 .Libyanmedical research center,2.Faculty of Medical Technology, Universityof zawia3. department of histology facultyof medicine, University of zawia!Corresponding!Author:!Nasrien!Elfarrah:email:[email protected] Received: 03/12/2024 | Accepted: 11/01/2025| Published: 22/01/25| DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/ .19.1.02"ABSTRACTPurpose:Omeprazole isone of the most commonly prescribedof protein pump inhibitors (PPIs)drugs which used widely to manage many gastric acid-related conditions such as gastro esophagealdisease, gastritis, esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus,Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated ulcers, and Helicobacter pylori eradication, globally .Aim of study: to evaluate the adverse effects associated with the long-term use of proton pump inhibitorsdrug( omeprazole).Methodology: adescriptive study for 304 participants were conducted to fill a questionnaire to evaluate the adverse effect of long term use of omeprazole, data were analyzed statisticallyby SPSSV21.Results: positive correlation between UTI infection and long term use of omeprazole.66%of people who used omeprazolehave deficiency in vitamin D, other side effects are showed in long term use of omeprazole as gastritis , confusion,.Conclusion:because the improper use of omeprazole as a save drug more studies need to evaluate the riskof long term use of omeprazole.Key words: omeprazole, long term use, adverse effect. How to cite this article: Elfarrah .N, Naffati. Ab, Ali .HT, Abudalal.AS, Thwer.HA, Absheenah.A Assessing the impact of long-term omeprazole therapy: Across-sectional analysis of adverse effects"Libya: 2025:19.1-2wwwOMPUO\H,661 ABSTRACT&Purpose: This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses used by women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria.0eWKoGs:A total of 50 used soft cosmetic contact lenses and 5 new (unused) lenses were collected in April 2023. The lenses were swabbed, and samples were incubated in nutrient broth for bacterial isolation, followed by streaking on different agar plates (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with various antibiotics.5esuOWs:The results showed that all 5 unused lenses were free from contamination, while 43 out of 50 used lenses (86%) exhibited microbial contamination. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15%), along with other species (11%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Imipenem had the highest antibacterial effectiveness, with inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm to 30 mm. Gentamycin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin showed moderate effectiveness, while Cefuroxime and Augmentin had lower effectiveness. Cloxacillin showed no antibacterial activity.&oQFOusLoQs:The findings emphasize the high risk of bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses, stressing the importance of maintaining strict hygiene practices to prevent eye infections. Proper disinfection and storage in sterile solutions are crucial for ensuring lens safety and longevity, while effective antibiotic treatments are necessary to control bacterial contamination..e\ZorGs:Bacterial Contamination, Cosmetic Contact Lenses, Antibiotic Resistance, Beauty Salons, Lens Safety.Libyan Journal of Medical Research1Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Articles published in /LE\DQ-0HG5HVare licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/How to cite this article:Ali SA, AmerI2. Assessment of bacterial contamination in used cosmetic contact lenses among women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city. Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Original Article $ssessPenW of %acWerial &onWaPinaWion in 8sed &osPeWic &onWacW Lenses $PonJ :oPen 9isiWinJ %eauWy 6alons in 6abraWha &iWySihamAAliIbtesam O Amer1.Department of Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology Surman, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya. 2..Department of Biotechnology& Genetic Engineering,Facultyof Medical TechnologySurman,UniversityofSabratha,Sabratha,Libya.Received: 01/09/2024 _ Accepted: 14/0 /2024 _ 3ublished: 16/0 /24 _ '2I: https://doi.org/10.271 /LJMR.18.2.01Corresponding Author: Dr. Siham Ali, email: [email protected]OMPUO\H,661 ABSTRACT&Purpose: This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses used by women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria.0eWKoGs:A total of 50 used soft cosmetic contact lenses and 5 new (unused) lenses were collected in April 2023. The lenses were swabbed, and samples were incubated in nutrient broth for bacterial isolation, followed by streaking on different agar plates (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with various antibiotics.5esuOWs:The results showed that all 5 unused lenses were free from contamination, while 43 out of 50 used lenses (86%) exhibited microbial contamination. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15%), along with other species (11%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Imipenem had the highest antibacterial effectiveness, with inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm to 30 mm. Gentamycin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin showed moderate effectiveness, while Cefuroxime and Augmentin had lower effectiveness. Cloxacillin showed no antibacterial activity.&oQFOusLoQs:The findings emphasize the high risk of bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses, stressing the importance of maintaining strict hygiene practices to prevent eye infections. Proper disinfection and storage in sterile solutions are crucial for ensuring lens safety and longevity, while effective antibiotic treatments are necessary to control bacterial contamination..e\ZorGs:Bacterial Contamination, Cosmetic Contact Lenses, Antibiotic Resistance, Beauty Salons, Lens Safety.Libyan Journal of Medical Research1Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Articles published in /LE\DQ-0HG5HVare licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/How to cite this article:Ali SA, AmerI2. Assessment of bacterial contamination in used cosmetic contact lenses among women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city. Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Original Article $ssessPenW of %acWerial &onWaPinaWion in 8sed &osPeWic &onWacW Lenses $PonJ :oPen 9isiWinJ %eauWy 6alons in 6abraWha &iWySihamAAliIbtesam O Amer1.Department of Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology Surman, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya. 2..Department of Biotechnology& Genetic Engineering,Facultyof Medical TechnologySurman,UniversityofSabratha,Sabratha,Libya.Received: 01/09/2024 _ Accepted: 14/0 /2024 _ 3ublished: 16/0 /24 _ '2I: https://doi.org/10.271 /LJMR.18.2.01Corresponding Author: Dr. Siham Ali, email: [email protected] J Med Res. 2025:19-1-2. 7 : 4/ .4 04 4."- 0-:4/ 0 0:- :- 4! :4. 4 :/4- :- 4- 4/ /:- 4!/ :4/ ."/ - Osteoporosis Awareness among Female University Students in Lahore Pakistan using Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT)!Libyan J Med Res. 2025:19-1-3. 13: 4/ .4 04 4."- 0-:4/ 0 0:- :- 4! :4. 4 - / /:- 4!/ :4/ ." :/4- :- 4- 4/ wwwOMPUO\H,661 ABSTRACT&Purpose: This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses used by women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria.0eWKoGs:A total of 50 used soft cosmetic contact lenses and 5 new (unused) lenses were collected in April 2023. The lenses were swabbed, and samples were incubated in nutrient broth for bacterial isolation, followed by streaking on different agar plates (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with various antibiotics.5esuOWs:The results showed that all 5 unused lenses were free from contamination, while 43 out of 50 used lenses (86%) exhibited microbial contamination. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15%), along with other species (11%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, and Imipenem had the highest antibacterial effectiveness, with inhibition zones ranging from 26 mm to 30 mm. Gentamycin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin showed moderate effectiveness, while Cefuroxime and Augmentin had lower effectiveness. Cloxacillin showed no antibacterial activity.&oQFOusLoQs:The findings emphasize the high risk of bacterial contamination in cosmetic contact lenses, stressing the importance of maintaining strict hygiene practices to prevent eye infections. Proper disinfection and storage in sterile solutions are crucial for ensuring lens safety and longevity, while effective antibiotic treatments are necessary to control bacterial contamination..e\ZorGs:Bacterial Contamination, Cosmetic Contact Lenses, Antibiotic Resistance, Beauty Salons, Lens Safety.Libyan Journal of Medical Research1Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Articles published in /LE\DQ-0HG5HVare licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/How to cite this article:Ali SA, AmerI2. Assessment of bacterial contamination in used cosmetic contact lenses among women visiting beauty salons in Sabratha city. Libyan J Med Res. 2024;18:1-6.Original Article $ssessPenW of %acWerial &onWaPinaWion in 8sed &osPeWic &onWacW Lenses $PonJ :oPen 9isiWinJ %eauWy 6alons in 6abraWha &iWySihamAAliIbtesam O Amer1.Department of Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology Surman, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya. 2..Department of Biotechnology& Genetic Engineering,Facultyof Medical TechnologySurman,UniversityofSabratha,Sabratha,Libya.Received: 01/09/2024 _ Accepted: 14/0 /2024 _ 3ublished: 16/0 /24 _ '2I: https://doi.org/10.271 /LJMR.18.2.01Corresponding Author: Dr. Siham Ali, email: [email protected] J Med Res. 2025:19-2. 349-356349!"#$%&'()*+,&$(-'.)$/)0$,12/)3)4'.)5')2"')&$%'/('.)+/.'")2)6"'2#$7')68998/()!##"$,+#$8/:);8/6899'"%$2&)<=>)?/#'"/2#$8/2&)0$%'/('=)-##*(@AA%"'2#$7'%8998/(=8"BA&$%'/('(A,1:/%:(2A<=>A))! Libyan J Med Res. 2025:19-2. 349-356350Ben Saleh,F.HINTRODUCTION:Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common serious bacterial infections in infants and young children. In the first year of life, it is a leading cause of fever, bacteremia, and hospitalization[1, 2]. Male predominance is seen during the first three months of life, especially among uncircumcised boys, whereas beyond infancy, females predominate[3]. The reported prevalence of UTI in febrile infants varies between 5–7%, but it may reach 10% in infants under three months [4]. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential because renal parenchymal involvement during infancy can lead to long-term Sequelae such as renal scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)[5, 6]. Clinical manifestations are often nonspecific, including fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, or failure to thrive, making diagnosis challenging without laboratory confirmation[7]. Infants with UTI are also at higher risk for systemic complications such as sepsis and meningitis due to immature immune defenses and difficulty in localizing infection[7]. Thus, prompt diagnosis and evaluation with urine culture and renal imaging are crucial to detect anatomical abnormalities and prevent recurrence.Congenital and perinatal risk factors such as vesicoureteral reflux, antenatal hydronephrosis, Spina bifida, and prolonged rupture of membranes predispose infants to infection [8].Despite this, data on infant-specific risk factors and outcomes, particularly in resource-limited settings, remain scarce. The present study aimsto describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory and imaging findings, and outcomes of infants under one year admitted with UTI, and to identify predictors of prolonged hospital stay, recurrence, and complications. Understanding the pattern of UTIin this age group will help optimize early recognition and management to reduce morbidity and long-term renal damage.MATERIALAND METHODS:Study design: A Single-Center retrospective analytical cross-sectional study.Setting: Pediatric Department of Al-Hadaba Al-Khadra General Hospital, Tripoli, Libya.Period: from January to October 2024Inclusion: All infants (< 12 months) admitted with clinical and laboratory evidence of UTI were included.Infants with incomplete records or alternative diagnoses were excluded.Data collection: Data were extracted from hospital records, including demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging results, treatment given, risk factors, clinical outcomes,and referral/follow-up. Demographic data: age, sex. Clinical features: specific and non-specific symptoms of UTI.Laboratory findings: urine microscopy (WBC/hpf), urine culture results, C –C-reactive protein, andtotal leukocyte count.Imaging results: renal ultrasound findings and presence of vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) if evaluated by Micturating cystourethrogram (MCU).Risk factors recorded were Spina bifida, antenatal hydronephrosis, renal hypoplasia, maternal antenatal (UTI), maternal prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM), and uncircumcised males.Treatment: All infants received empirical broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics (typically third-generation cephalosporins ± aminoglycosides), adjusted per culture results.Duration of treatment: ranged from (7) to (14) days, followed by oral antibiotics in selected cases.Outcomes Definitions:oProlonged hospital stay: more than 7 days.oRecurrence: infants with a previous documented UTI under nephrology follow-up.oComplications: short-term events such as sepsis.Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize infants'characteristics. Associations were tested using Fisher’s exact/Chi-square; logistic regression was planned for independent predictors. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.EthicalConsiderations: As this was a retrospective review of anonymized medical records, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived. Confidentiality of patient data was strictly maintained throughout data handling and analysis.RESULTS:Infants under one year (n = 50)Descriptive analysisDemographics: Table 1 Of the 50 hospitalized infants with urinary tract infection, 56% were males. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 62% infants.Clinical Presentation: Table 1; Figure 1Fever was almost universal (96%, mostly high-grade). Common associated features included vomiting (68%), poor feeding (52%),lethargy (48%),and change in urine color (30%). Urinary symptoms were less frequent but hematuria was reported in 6% of hospitalized infants.Non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea (16%)were recorded in older infants near 12 months of age. Libyan J Med Res. 2025:19-2. 349-356351Ben Saleh,F.HLaboratory and Imaging Findings:Table 2; Figure 2Leukocyturia ≥ 25 WBC/hpf was found in 62%, while nearly all had leukocytosis (96%) and positive C-reactive protein (100%). Urine culture grew a pathogen in seven infants (14%)—predominantly Escherichia coli. Abnormal renal ultrasound was documented in 44%,mainly showing increased cortical echogenicity and mild hydronephrosis.Risk factors: Table 3Six specific risk factors:uncircumcision in (8%),Spina bifida in (4%), maternal antenatal UTI in (4%), maternal prolonged rupture of membranesin (4%), antenatal hydronephrosis(2%), and renal hypoplasia(2%). Clinical outcomes: Table 4:A prolonged hospital stay(>7 days) occurred in 22%. Past medical history of UTI (recurrence) was reported in 24%. Complications (sepsis) developed in (8%); all aged less than three (3) months.Treatment and hospital course: All infants were managed with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, which led to clinical improvement in all patients before discharge. None required escalation to carbapenems or developed antibiotic resistance during hospitalization.Frequency (n)Percentage (%)InterpretationVariableMale predominance, typical in first year of life5628Male sexMost infants had upper UTI rather than lower6231PyelonephritisCommon presenting symptom9648Fever (high grade)Reflects systemic inflammatory response6834VomitingNonspecific but frequent symptom5226Poor feedingIndicates moderate–severe illness4824LethargyObserved in one-third3015Change in urine colorNonspecific, may delay diagnosis168DiarrheaMay indicate severe inflammation63Hematuria0102030405060Fever (highgrade)VomitingPoor feedingLethargyChange inurine colorDiarrheaHematuriaTable 1. Descriptive analysis of Demographic and clinical presentationFigure 1: Clinical symptoms among infant with UTI