ملخص
ABSTRACT Responsive web design (RWD) is a new approach to web development that automatically adapts itself to different browsers and screen sizes of users whether it is a large desktop screen or a small smartphone. This thesis surveys the popular RWD software technologies and tools extensively. Unlike other surveys, this survey differentiates between software tools and software technologies used in RWD. It is very clear from the survey that the current state of the art comes down to two most effective RWD technologies namely the CSS Grid and the CSS Flexbox [1, 2, 3]. Therefore the thesis provides deep analyses and comparisons of these two technologies showing their flaws and cons. Based on these comparisons the thesis proposes a new RWD model named RWAD (Responsive Web Application Design) that combines the above two mentioned technologies by adopting their advantages and discarding their disadvantages. Since the implementation method is the main key for the success of any RWD technologies [4], the proposed RWAD model is formulated algorithmically in an implementation mode using a full-fledged RWD site with diversified content so that it can be used as a guideline model. Combining these two technologies has been done before, especially in the well-known package of Bootstrap (latest version 5) [5,6], but it is very difficult, if not impossible, in Bootstrap to correct any errors unless restarting from the beginning and reloading huge amount of library codes [7, 8]. In RWAD, the CSS Grid and the CSS Flexbox techniques are integrated without using Bootstrap or any other external code, and with the ability to correct, maintain, and update the RWD site directly without restarting the whole process or reloading any external codes. This of course saves time and space and provides an efficient implementation of responsive sites.