Abstract
Abstract. The exponential growth of the Internet and its integration into daily life underscore the critical importance of resilient networks. Service outages can cause significant financial losses and damage reputation. First-hop redundancy protocols (FHRPs) are commonly used to enhance virtual gateway resilience and reduce downtime, but they can suffer from slow failure detection, leading to packet loss. Bidirectional routing detection (BFD) provides a rapid mechanism for link failure detection and connectivity monitoring. This paper explores the intricate landscape of network reliability, investigates the benefits of combining BFD with three prominent FHRPs (HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP) to improve net work performance, increase availability, and reduce downtime. The evaluation is based on metrics of convergence time, packet loss, CPU utilization, and band width consumption. Results from PNETLAB simulations indicate that using BFD greatly speeds up the detection of failures and reduces packet loss for all three protocols. GLBP achieved the fastest convergence, while VRRP exhibited the lowest CPU utilization. The findings indicate that the integration of Bidirec tional Forwarding Detection with First Hop Redundancy Protocol gateways sig nificantly enhance network convergence times, thereby improving overall net work reliability and stability.