Abstract
CONCLUSION Common BTAs identified in this study include fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, benign migratory glossitis, hairy tongue, and lichen planus. The fissured tongue is the most common benign abnormality of the tongue. BTAs were observed equally in both males and females. BTAs were found to be more prevalent in patients with poor glucose control compared to those with good control. BTAs serve as a primary clinical diagnostic marker in predicting DM disorder and are useful in detecting undiagnosed diabetic cases. Dental practitioners should carefully examine the tongue during intraoral examinations, as this muscular organ can reflect various systemic diseases, especially DM.