Abstract
Libya post-Kaddafi regime (2011-2017) is suffering from different degree of social turmoil and instability. Tribalism, sub-regionalism, extremism and social unrest are different example of social peace elements that threat political and economic stability in Libya post-Kaddafi. Although Tunisia and Egypt dealt with the dilemma of social instability and turmoil more effectively, Libya still suffers largely from this phenomenon. The call for dividing Libya into three sub-regions since 2011 becomes more salient than ever. Furthermore, peoples become more attached to tribes and sub-regions due to the continuing process of power vacuum in general, and the lack of one central government on particular. Thus, a legitimate question is asked: what are the major factors that affect attitudes in Libya post Kaddafi regime? Basic and null hypotheses were developed, and they are: • “Social peace, refugees & displaced people, building the state and its future affect positively and negatively Libyan attitudes in the post-Kaddafi era ” • “Social peace, refugees & displaced people, building the state and its future do not affect positively or negatively Libyan attitudes in the post-Kaddafi era” In order to describe and analyze the dynamic of Libyan attitudes in the post-Kaddafi era and to examine basic and null hypotheses, this study is divided into several sections: Libya political culture, Libya democratic process, Libyan attitudes, continuity and change of attitudes in the post-Kaddafi era. The findings of this study demonstrate, largely, that the Libyans are not any longer view themselves as belonging to parochial or subjective political cultures; therefore, the rate of registration on the 7th July, 2012 election reached 93%, and the ratio of actual voting reached 65% of the total eligible voters. Furthermore, Libyan Attitudes in the Post-Kaddafi Era reflect largely positive orientations towards most of the issues that included in the questionnaires of 2012 and 2016. However, few issues reflected negative attitudes in 2012 and 2016, such as: anti-federalism. While, six aspects of Libyan attitudes reflect continuity, e.g., disarmament, building Libya, constitution, Libya for all, political parties conflicts, and federalism; four other cases reflect changing Libyan attitudes, e.g., building democracy, tolerance, human rights and gender equity. The results of this study, support largely the underlying basic hypothesis that indicate positive-negative and continuity-change aspects of Libyan attitudes in the post Kaddafi era. Keywords: Libya, Attitudes, ITNC, NPC, the Interim Constitutional Declaration, Continuity, and Change.