Viscosity, surface tension, refractometery, density of liquids, density of porous and non -porous solids. Some basic definition of systems, surrounding boundaries, transition energy, thermodynamic systems and thermodynamic processes, bond dissociation energy and thermo-chemical equations. First law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, molar heat capacity, factors that influence the heat of reactions, Hess’s Law, Kirchoff’s Law. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy, effect of temperature on entropy , criterion of spontaneity, free energy and equilibrium constant, free energy and temperature, free energy and cell potentials. The third law of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, reaction rate theory, and factors influencing rate of reactions (first, second, third order). Determination of reaction order, integration method, half life method and Van’t Hoff’s differential method. Electrochemistry (oxidation / reduction reactions, standard half –cell potentials, Nernst Equation and thermodynamic of electrochemical cells).
