Abstract
Background In arid regions such as Jennawen, Libya, groundwater is the primary source for drinking and irrigation, yet it is highly vulnerable to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This study aimed to assess the chemical and microbiological quality of 26 groundwater samples from wells and springs, including desalinated water. Material and Methods Physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, salinity, major ions) and microbiological indicators (total coliforms, E. coli, total bacterial counts) were analyzed according to established guidelines. Results revealed that most untreated groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits for salinity, hardness, and sodium. Furthermore, widespread bacterial contamination was identified, posing significant health risks. While desalinated water was free from microbiological contaminants, it was severely deficient in essential minerals. Conclusion: the groundwater in the Jennawen region requires urgent attention. Balanced water management strategies are critically needed to address both chemical and microbial contamination while maintaining an optimal mineral balance in potable water.